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Nikita Khrushchev was the Soviet leader when Kurchatov led the nuclear program. Kurchatov was appointed the director of the Soviet atomic bomb project in 1943, and he remained in this position until 1959. Khrushchev was the Soviet leader from 1953 to 1964. The Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb in 1949, and it became the second country in the world to develop nuclear weapons.